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The Space Tether consists of a complex structure where there are three main parts: 1) the primary satellite; 2) a secondary
satellite; 3) a cable (of variable lengths) that is used to join the two spacecraft together. This cable allows the transfer of energy and momentum between the two spacecraft, and this transfer can be present in both directions and, in some cases,
can switch direction. Space tethers can be classified into two different areas: Passive tethers, which are used simply for mechanical connection and mainly transfer momentum from one part to the other; and Electrodynamic tethers, conductive wires or tapes or more complex structures), in which an electric current can flow and pass from one end to the other. The simplest application involves using the tether system as a de-orbit system; a drag Force is induced on the tether due to its relative motion with respect to the rotating plasma and the satellite.
An opposite application is the injection of electric current from one satellite which has an effect opposite to the deorbiting;
this effect can be used to increase the SMA of the system or produce movements in the orbital plane. The Electrodynamic tether is a system that can act as an orbital control for small and relatively big structures (depending on the tether length and on the produced current). Even if the tethers’ dynamics (passive or electrodynamic) are complex and not at all completely understood, the current knowledge in materials and technology is bridging the gap between theory and extensive application in current Space missions.

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The aim of this course is to present an overview of high-order accurate numerical methods for mathematical problems that arise in aeronautical and aerospace engineering. Numerical schemes are referred to as high-order accurate when a suitably defined error measure e is a function of the mesh size h as e∼h^p, with p≥3. High-order accuracy is of significant engineering interest in numerical methods because it allows the solution of computational problems with a smaller number of degrees of freedom and higher convergence rates of the error with respect to low-order numerical schemes. The aim of this course is to present an overview of high-order accurate numerical methods for mathematical problems that arise in aeronautical and aerospace engineering. Numerical schemes are referred to as high-order accurate when a suitably defined error measure e is a function of the mesh size h as e∼h^p, with p≥3. High-order accuracy is of significant engineering interest in numerical methods because it allows the solution of computational problems with a smaller number of degrees of freedom and higher convergence rates of the error with respect to low-order numerical schemes.

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Spacecraft attitude control laws are often designed using linear control design techniques. As a result, their effectiveness
can be guaranteed only for small attitude angles and small angular velocities since in that situation a linear approximation
of the attitude equations can be employed. However, there are occasions when the spacecraft motion involves large
attitude angles and large angular velocities. For those motions, the full nonlinear attitude equations must be used for
evaluating the effectiveness of attitude control laws. In this course, basic results of Lyapunov stability theory will be
presented and applied to nonlinear spacecraft attitude control.

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Corrosion Control in the aerospace industry is becoming more critical with the aging of the aircraft fleet. In recent years, the aviation industry in terms of corrosion has been undertaken with million pounds. Corrosion control can be one of the aircraft industry’s most effective weapons in the battle against airplane structural failures. Left undetected and/or untreated, corrosion can decrease the load-carrying capacity of primary structures or act as nucleation sites for fatigue or stress corrosion cracks. Thus, corrosion can undermine the integrity of an aircraft and make it unsafe to fly. Therefore, by appropriate selection of materials, maintenance and husbandry, these effects could be decreased.

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The interest in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) had a steep increase over the last few years. On the one hand, the slow growth rate of ground infrastructures led to critical congestion in urban areas. On the other hand, the increasing demand for moving people and payloads further and faster drove the attention of the research community and stakeholders toward the exploitation of the vertical dimension. With the aim to play a lead role in this new raising market, electrical air platforms with vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capabilities are being considered key elements for the next generation of controlled airspace. In such a framework, crucial but challenging steps are represented by the optimization of novel configurations and the design of Guidance, Navigation, and Control systems. In this webinar, the fundamentals of the Model-Based Design (MBD) approach will be discussed and applied to VTOL platforms. Attendees will learn the workflow of MBD and investigate the steps required for performance optimization and motion stabilization of rotary-wing vehicles. Test cases will be also presented.

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High-speed civil aircraft may range from supersonic civil vehicles to hypersonic systems, which can be considered future civil stratospheric passenger or cargo transportations or as the first stage of reusable access to space vehicles. Integration shall be pursued at all levels, systems and subsystems as a key element of success. The webinar will focus on the on-board systems integration of such vehicles. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen is considered a propellant for its potential to extend further the range and its capability to decarbonize the flight. Liquid hydrogen is the core of the multifunctional Thermal and Energy Management System that combines the Fuel System, the Environmental Control System, the Thermal Control and Thermal Protection System, and the Electric Power System. The course will first introduce high-speed vehicles, then the high-speed vehicle on-board systems, highlighting their mutual relationships. Next, main on-board subsystems will be described and sized, and finally, conclusions will be drawn. Students and professionals interested in the high-speed mission and vehicle design can attend the webinar.

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The design of a hypersonic civil aircraft flying at stratospheric altitudes is one of the most challenging tasks in modern aerospace due to the high integration needed among the different disciplines. Aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, materials, avionics, onboard subsystems are strictly linked, exchanging each other design requirements and parameters in such a way to fulfil system and mission requirements. The course discloses many of the lessons learned from the activities performed in the framework of the H2020 STRATOFLY project. Specifically, this course is organized into three main parts:

• Part 1 (2h: M. Marini and P. Roncioni): Aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic challenges for designing a hypersonic civil transport. Aerodynamic modelling and complete database development from subsonic to hypersonic (Mach 8) speed regimes. The exploitation of aerodynamic databases in mission analysis and trajectory calculation.
• Part 2 (1h: G. Saccone): 0D kinetic hydrogen/air combustion modelling and discussion on methodology to evaluate chemical pollutants and GHG emissions released by an Air-Turbo Rocket engine able to operate up to Mach 4.
• Part 3 (1h: L. Cutrone): Modelling of a Dual Mode Ramjet able to accelerate a hypersonic vehicle from Mach 4 to Mach 8. Details on modelling techniques for air-intake, isolator, and combustor. Discussion on engine performance and emissions database.

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Images of celestial bodies collected by a camera contain much valuable information for a spacecraft, which can be used to infer the relative position and/or attitude. Imaging systems have been successfully employed in the past decades to this end, in the form of, e.g., star trackers, navigation cameras, horizon sensors. Depending on the apparent size of the targeted body within the image, different techniques are used to extract the relevant information. In this webinar, the fundamentals of optical navigation techniques will be discussed. Attendees will learn image processing techniques and attitude/position estimation algorithms. Test cases will also be discussed.

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This course introduces the market challenges and the business opportunities offered by the emerging space economy.

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Assessing the economic viability of new high-speed concepts since the early design phases is crucial for the success of future hypersonic vehicles including cruisers as well as reusable access-to-space and re-entry systems. Moreover, matching environmentally sustainable innovations guaranteeing at the same time economic sustainability is becoming a key factor. Besides literature reports few parametric cost models for high-speed vehicles, all of them makes exclusive use of mass as a parameter and none of the models moves beyond the vehicle level, thus preventing estimation of the costs associated with subsystems or technologies. This webinar aims at providing the attendees with a cost estimation model which moves beyond the state-of-the-art methodologies (1) by integrating vehicle design and operational parameters (in addition to the mass) as cost drivers for the prediction of the vehicle life-cycle cost, (2) by introducing prediction margins accounting for the uncertainties on the data-driven correlations, (3) by estimating the impact of environmentally sustainable solutions onto the vehicle life-cycle cost, (4) by providing a first estimate of the costs of every onboard subsystem, including combined cycle engines and multi-functional subsystems, (5) by increasing the granularity of the analysis up to technology level, thus providing valuable support to Technology Road-mapping activities, and, eventually, (6) by providing a ticket price estimation to be then compared with the results of a business case. The webinar contains extensive references to high-speed initiatives currently under development in Europe. The presented case studies have been developed and extensively tested in an international context such as the Horizon 2020 STRATOFLY project (2018-2021), the H2020 MORE&LESS project and other ESA funded activities.

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